types of testing

With countless types of software testing, it can be daunting to figure out what you should focus on and when.only experience could taught us that focusing on the right testing at the right time, saves both time and money.

This diagram illustrates the software testing cycle. It starts with very specific tests on core components, then tests those components as a whole and works its way towards user acceptance and beta testing.

Following this testing cycle increases efficiency as each new test builds upon previous tests. To be even more efficient, using automated software testing will greatly reduce the effort when regression testing.

In an agile software testing environment, this testing cycle would be broken down into smaller cycles and have a higher dependence on regression testing.

Here is a brief description of the most common types of software testing:

1. Acceptance testing –Test cases are created from user stories. Normally this type of testing is done to verify that the system meets the customer’s specified requirements. This testing is performed to determine whether to accept an application.

2. Alpha testing – In house virtual user environment can be created for this type of testing. Testing is done at the end of software development. There is a possibility of some minor design changes as a result of such testing.

3. Beta testing – This is a final testing before releasing application for commercial purpose. This is the second phase of software testing in which a sample of the intended audience tries the product out.

4. Black box testing - Internal system design is not considered in this type of testing. Tests are based on requirements and functionality of the software.

5. Comparison testing – Comparison of product strengths and weaknesses with previous versions or with other similar products.

6. Compatibility testing – Testing how well software performs in a particular hardware/software/operating system/network environment and different combinations of above.

7. End-to-end testing – Similar to system testing, this involves testing of a complete application environment in a situation that mimics real-world use, such as interacting with a database, using network communications, or interacting with other hardware, applications, or systems if appropriate.

8. Functional testing – This type of testing ignores the internal parts and focuses on the output, i.e. whether the output is as per requirement or not. This is a black-box type testing geared to functional requirements of an application.

9. Incremental integration testing – Bottom up approach for testing i.e. continuous testing of an application as new functionality is added; Application functionality and modules should be independent enough to test separately. Incremental integration testing is done by programmers or by testers.

10. Install/uninstall testing – Tested for full, partial, or upgrade install/uninstall processes on different operating systems under different hardware and software environment.

11. Integration testing – Testing of integrated modules to verify combined functionality after integration. Modules are typically code modules, individual applications, client and server applications on a network, etc. This type of testing is especially relevant to client/server and distributed systems.

12. Load testing – This is a performance testing to check software behavior under load. This entails testing an application under heavy loads, such as testing of a web site under a range of loads to determine the point at which the system’s response time degrades or fails.

13. Performance testing – Term often used interchangeably with ’stress’ and ‘load’ testing. This utilizes different performance and load tools and checks whether the system meets performance requirements.

14. Recovery testing – Testing how well a system recovers from crashes, hardware failures, or other catastrophic problems.

15. Regression testing – Testing the application as a whole for modifications in any module or functionality. It is difficult to cover the entire system in regression testing so automation tools are typically used.

16. Sanity testing – Testing to determine if a new software version is performing well enough to be accepted for a major testing effort. If the application is crashing in initial use then the system is not stable enough for further testing.

17. Security testing – Testing to determine whether the system is vulnerable to hackers and to evaluate how well the system protects against unauthorized internal or external access.

18. Stress testing – System is stressed beyond its specifications to check how and when it fails. Testing is performed under heavy load, e.g. putting in large numbers beyond storage capacity, complex database queries, continuous input to system or database load.

19. System testing – The entire system is tested as per the requirements. Black-box type testing that is based on overall requirements specifications, this covers all combined parts of a system.

20. Unit testing - Testing of individual software components or modules. This is typically done by the programmer and not by testers, as it requires detailed knowledge of the internal program design and code. Testing may require developing test driver modules or test harnesses.

21. Usability testing – User-friendliness check. Application flow is tested, and it is determined whether a new user can understand the application easily. Proper help functions are documented at points where the user could potentially become stuck. System navigation is checked in this testing.

22. White box testing – This testing, also known as Glass Box Testing, is based on knowledge of the internal logic of an application’s code. Internal software and code workings should be known for this type of testing. Tests are based on coverage of code statements, branches, paths, and conditions.

Rubik's Cube

http://nikdaum.com/artnew/a79.htm

ISTQB Exam Weighting

ISTQB Exam Weighting
1) Test Concepts (++++)
2) Test Cases (++)
3) Test Plan (++)
4) Test Builds (+++)
5) Reports (+)
6) Testing Planning (++)
7) Validation (++++)
8) Requirements (+++)
9) Test Forms (+)
10) Control Procedures (++++)
11) Testing Deliverables (+++)
12) Test Execution (+++)
13) Test Automation Concepts (++)
14) Problem Resolution (+)

Weighting Key in the Test

+ = 1 - 5%
++ = 6 - 15%
+++ = 16% - 30%
++++ = over 31%

istqb

http://istqb.patshala.com/

Money making, software testing career and secrets of a richest tester

This is a guest article from Pradeep Soundararajan. He is a Consulting Tester, Satisfice Inc & Software Testing Magician. Reach him at his blog Tester tested

These days a lot of people who pass out of engineering and science colleges are interested about software testing as a career. When I passed out at a time when the IT had started to boom back in India, most of the fresh graduates with whom I interacted didn’t even know there existed jobs or careers like software testing.

I was offered a job as a tester in a start up for 7440 rupees a month compared to fresh developers (who were picked from better institutes from where I graduated) being paid 34,500 rupees a month.

Today there isn’t such a huge difference between what testers and developers get paid and I consider this generation to be luckier than my generation without ignoring the idea that my generation might have been luckier than its previous generation.

When I started my career as a software tester, I didn’t find any training centre, which could coach me on software testing, and I lacked guidance. I didn’t know about Google and its power of search.

In the organization I worked for, there existed a senior software tester, not by designation or for the technical competence but just that he joined that organization 6 months before I did. He happened to coach me. I blindly believed all that he said about testing. I believed him and never questioned him.

By believing whatever he said I think I was becoming dumb. I looked for someone who could coach me and found two great people, one a developer and other a software architect in the organization whose ideas were much impressive than the senior software tester.

The duos were more open to questions from me as compared to the so-called senior software tester. When I questioned all things that I heard from the so-called senior software tester, I found that most of what the senior tester said was highly idiotic.

I realized that my quest in life was to see myself doing good or great testing in future. To do that, I must learn, I must learn, I must learn, I must practice, I must practice, I must practice…

What do I learn? What do I practice?

When I asked for information about software testing, some of my friends sent me material that was nothing more than, – types of testing, techniques of testing, different types of documentation, process of testing and development.

A question that I asked changed my life and you might want to know what that question is: Is there something beyond what all these people think software testing is which I can learn?

Now that leads to more questions. If it exists, where does is exist? Who has the information? How can I find it?

That lead me to discovering James Bach one of the world’s leading expert tester. His career graph is one of the most impressive career graph I have seen till date. He is a school drop out at 8th standard and yet became the youngest Test Manager of the world at the age of 20 in Apple Computers. He even helped Microsoft in Test Specification and was expert witness in court cases that involved investigations of the computer world. He has traveled to most countries where software testing is being done and has carried over consulting assignments there. He is a kind of tester that can make most testers in the world feel ashamed of their lack of skills, knowledge and maybe money. That reminds me to say, he has made lots of money.

I thought this man must have a secret with him that other software testers don’t know and I wanted to learn that. I found that James Bach is very similar to Jackie Chan as he considers skilled testing to be a mental martial art. Sorry, James doesn’t have any testing certification that you know of and he thinks certification doesn’t help, so don’t try to think of certification when you are thinking of James Bach, the great tester and guru of software testing.

I had to pass through several mental martial arts tests before I became his full time student. Let me not take you through the entire story but let you know that I reached a stage where he hired me to represent his company in India.

I don’t like comparing myself with others and run a rat race but some of my friends who were comparing with me were very disappointed as I progressed. I travel around the world speaking and coaching at international conferences. I am featured as an expert tester sometimes (which I acknowledge, I am not) in other countries. I have a fan following for my blog. I am an independent consult, working on different projects in a day and for different clients from different parts of the world. I coach, consult, speak, write, think, test, manage and learn software testing and problem solving. I was interviewed by CNBC as they considered me a problem solving expert and wrote a column for them as Expert problem solver. I was invited to manage testing for an organization products and services division with about three years of working as a software tester. I have tested over a hundred and twenty three products, so far.

Reputation means more money but if you do things just for gaining reputation you won’t get it. Reputation is a little tricky. People think it is about doing things what other people like but I think it is about other people liking what you are doing.

Don’t worry about too many “I”, I have written in this article and for the moment, think if you have so many “I” to say or probably even more, in testing that makes people to approach you for consultation, you would be making more money than you ever imagined you would make as a tester.

I want to see Indian testers make more money than what they have been making. That’s precisely why I am writing this article for you all.

To start in the journey, apply this heuristic: Question everything that – you hear, you see, you feel, you want to see, you want to hear, you want to feel, you don’t want to hear, you don’t want to feel and other things you think you missed.

How to apply this heuristic?

Let me give you an example to get you started: There is a common myth (which means something is fundamentally wrong but people blindly believe it) by which most testers to my knowledge in India live: Testing is done to improve Quality

Who said the above statement?
Why should I believe it?
By having the above idea that testing improves quality, can any tester on Earth say how much quality he has improved?
If a tester can’t say that then there is something wrong with the fundamental behind it.
Improve what quality?
What is quality?
Who defines what quality is?
Does a tester define what quality means?
If I go to a hotel and the hotel owner says he serves quality food and I as a customer think the quality is not good, whose view is important?
How can merely finding bugs improve quality?
So, if a tester reports 5000 bugs and the developer quits the organization the same day, has the quality improved?
So, if a tester finds 10000 bugs and doesn’t report them, has the quality improved?
In the above case, testing did happen, and hence did the quality improve?
If I as a tester report 50 bugs, and the developer in a context of fixing bugs introduces 100 more bugs, has the quality improved?
Why do all other testers don’t understand the fundamental that it is a developer who can improve the quality?
As a tester, isn’t my job to find information about quality than trying to think of improving the quality?
Oh my God! I have been misguided all this while. So what’s testing then?
Isn’t the above question, a good question?
Didn’t I learn from this that many people around us are fooling and that is what is stopping me from becoming someone like James Bach?
Do I want to be fooled?
Should I allow people, bugs, documents to fool me?

Want to Get Paid to Play Games? Become a Game Tester!

We are covering almost all topics from software testing industry. Very less testing professionals are aware of Game Testing industry and Jobs. Game Testing industry is expanding really fast and now there are many “game design” and “video game testing” openings available in market. Here is a very interesting article on game testing which will give you a brief idea about game testing industry!

This is a guest article written by a Game Testing Expert “Malini”.

Game Testing Industry Introduction:

The video game testing industry is set to become the largest industry. In spite of the recession, there was no dearth in the sales of the game titles, although the game console sales were hit and the game testing companies had to revamp their strategies.

Gaming had its ups and downs over the years but it continues to grow leaps and bounds. Facebook application games are really path breaking with budding developers experimenting their knowledge. Episodic games are the new thing. Games for the iPhone are the new frontier.

So, no one in the game industry knows where games will be even two or three years from now. The only thing they know is that everything is changing and that the games that are released in a few years will be different from what we have now.

Following Jobs are made available by Gaming Industry:

Video game programming Jobs (designing video games)
Video game testing jobs
Designing Video games requires skilled and experienced video game designers. Testing video games is equally challenging as game tester needs to have a solid writing skill, very good communication skill and habit to keep attention for details.

Video game testers play critical role in game development industry. As video game programmers spend years deigning video games and video game tester needs to make sure it’s ready for release in very short time span.

What is a typical Game Testing Process?
Computer games take from one to three years to develop (depending on scale). Testing begins late in the development process, sometimes from halfway to 75% into development (it starts so late because, until then, there is little to play or test).

Once the testers get a version, they begin playing the game. Testers must carefully note any errors they uncover. These may range from bugs to art issues to logic errors. Some bugs are easy to document but many are hard to describe and may take several steps to describe so a developer can replicate or find the bug. On a large-scale game with numerous testers, a tester must first determine whether the bug has already been reported before they can log the bugs themselves. Once a bug has been reported as fixed, the tester has to go back and verify that the fix works – and occasionally return to verify that is has not reappeared.

Game Testing Strategy:
Evaluation of game rules:
Game rules adequately explain operation of all components of the game including features, free games etc. Game functions as defined by rules.

UI, Functional, Performance and Compatibility test:
Verify Games outcome and data are correctly shown when games are played. Verify Game Functionality such as Game Progress, game outcomes, handling of incomplete and re-started games, multi player games.

Verification the Integration points:
Check if game win determination aligns with game rules.

Reviewing gaming procedures:
Procedures will be reviewed by System management, player account management, tournaments and promotions.

Infrastructure and security review:
Require to verify all equipment and network implementation. Secure and reliable operation for example time synchronization, OS reliability and security.

How to Test Games?
This process is almost similar to product or web application testing. Here is the typical game testing process:

Identification: First analyze and identify the game rules and behavior

Functional Testing: Ensure game works as intended. This also includes integration testing with third party tools used if any.

OS and Browser compatibility: Most critical game testing part is to ensure game works on required Operating systems. For online games check functionality on all intended browsers.

Performance testing: This becomes critical for online games if gaming site handles betting on game. Game testers must verify if Game Testing site smoothly handles customer load.

Multi player Testing: For multi player games you need to verify the game functionality to handle all players and functionality with fair distribution of game resources to all players.

Reporting: Bug reporting to developers. Bug evidence need to produced and submitted through bug reporting system.

Analysis: Developers hold the responsibility to fix the bugs.

Verification: After the fix, bug need to be verified by the testers to confirm that it shouldn’t reappear.

Game Testing Tips:
1) Understand Random Number Generator evaluation (RNG): This is very important to add unpredictability in game. In most games this RNG system is used to map game outcomes.
2) First identify the “game algorithm” from Source code to identify issues in game application.
3) Verify the source code for appropriate use of random numbers and error handling. (Only if you know the source code)
4) Validate and evaluate the game predefined rules.
5) Verify consistency of game rules.
6) Make sure offensive content or material is never displayed.
7) Regularly Check Game history and system event logs.
8 ) Make sure Games outcome are displayed for a reasonable time.
9) Irrespective of Single/Multi player games we need to validate bandwidth and client software.
10) Verify Minimum/maximum limits of bets, deposits and other critical game symbols.
11) Verify correct game and system operation after game fail over and recovery.
12) Always verify all reports for data accuracy. Verify reports for date, time, number of wins, money etc.
13) Test System requirements. This is very important in game testing. Verify all the infrastructure and security requirements, Game equipments, network and game synchronization with OS.
14) Make sure sufficient information is always available to users to protect game players.

Game Testing Jobs:
Gaming field is getting much better day by day and Game Career as a Game designer or tester is very bright. There are many game testing professionals making decent amount of money as a video game testers, working from home. Present Internet generation bringing massive innovations and scope to grow. IT and Non-IT people are willing to spend their free time to play online and video games. “Game testing from home” is now a new trend to earn money. We can clearly see that it’s getting into our daily activities.

If anyone of you is trying hard getting into gaming industry then you need to have interest and passion that drives you to success. Due to addition of vast and complex new games, Game QA is no longer less technical than general software QA. Game testing was widely considered as a “stepping stone” position but now it’s becoming full-time job opportunities for experienced testers.

If you have passion for games and good understanding of testing methodologies, becoming a successful game tester is not difficult for you!

Test cases for Change Password

Test cases for Forgot Password are mentioned below:

* Field names should be as per the requirements.
* Each field should be having character limit. Character limit for each field will be mentioned in requirement document or in technical specification document if not in either of the documents then it will be definitely available in database diagram.
* Copy and Paste functionality can be allowed in username field but only paste functionality should be allowed in Password field. Copy and Paste functionality can be performed either from hot key like Ctr+C and Ctr+V or from context menu by right click from mouse. Copy functionality is not allowed in Password field because of security reasons.
* Valid and invalid characters in each field. If the requirement tells that Username field can accept alphabets, special characters and numeral values test cases for each set of values containing only alphabets or numeral values or special characters and with also with the different combination should be checked.
* Test case having invalid current password and valid New Password and Confirm Password. Proper error message should be shown.
* Mismatch in New Password and Confirm Password but valid current password. Proper error message should be shown.
* Test case for password having maximum and minimum number of characters for each field new password and confirm password.
* Error message stating each field is mandatory or Required if any of the field is blank and user click on Update button.
* Successful message on change of password. If requirement mentions about email being send on changing password then separate test cases for that. * Separate test cases for email contents should also be written.
* Test cases for Reset or Cancel button should be written if present in screen.

Difference Between Performance Testing, Load Testing and Stress Testing – With Examples

← Tips for Writing Test Cases
Q. What is difference between Performance Testing, Load Testing and Stress Testing?
1) Performance Testing:
Performance testing is the testing, which is performed, to ascertain how the components of a system are performing, given a particular situation. Resource usage, scalability and reliability of the product are also validated under this testing. This testing is the subset of performance engineering, which is focused on addressing performance issues in the design and architecture of software product.

Performance Testing Goal:

The primary goal of performance testing includes establishing the benchmark behaviour of the system. There are a number of industry-defined benchmarks, which should be met during performance testing.

Performance testing does not aim to find defects in the application, it address a little more critical task of testing the benchmark and standard set for the application. Accuracy and close monitoring of the performance and results of the test is the primary characteristic of performance testing.

Example:

For instance, you can test the application network performance on Connection Speed vs. Latency chart. Latency is the time difference between the data to reach from source to destination. Thus, a 70kb page would take not more than 15 seconds to load for a worst connection of 28.8kbps modem (latency=1000 milliseconds), while the page of same size would appear within 5 seconds, for the average connection of 256kbps DSL (latency=100 milliseconds). 1.5mbps T1 connection (latency=50 milliseconds) would have the performance benchmark set within 1 second to achieve this target.

For example, the time difference between the generation of request and acknowledgement of response should be in the range of x ms (milliseconds) and y ms, where x and y are standard digits. A successful performance testing should project most of the performance issues, which could be related to database, network, software, hardware etc…



2) Load Testing:
Load testing is meant to test the system by constantly and steadily increasing the load on the system till the time it reaches the threshold limit. It is the simplest form of testing which employs the use of automation tools such as LoadRunner or any other good tools, which are available. Load testing is also famous by the names like volume testing and endurance testing.

The sole purpose of load testing is to assign the system the largest job it could possible handle to test the endurance and monitoring the results. An interesting fact is that sometimes the system is fed with empty task to determine the behaviour of system in zero-load situation.

Load Testing Goal:

The goals of load testing are to expose the defects in application related to buffer overflow, memory leaks and mismanagement of memory. Another target of load testing is to determine the upper limit of all the components of application like database, hardware and network etc… so that it could manage the anticipated load in future. The issues that would eventually come out as the result of load testing may include load balancing problems, bandwidth issues, capacity of the existing system etc…

Example:

For example, to check the email functionality of an application, it could be flooded with 1000 users at a time. Now, 1000 users can fire the email transactions (read, send, delete, forward, reply) in many different ways. If we take one transaction per user per hour, then it would be 1000 transactions per hour. By simulating 10 transactions/user, we could load test the email server by occupying it with 10000 transactions/hour.



3) Stress testing
Under stress testing, various activities to overload the existing resources with excess jobs are carried out in an attempt to break the system down. Negative testing, which includes removal of the components from the system is also done as a part of stress testing. Also known as fatigue testing, this testing should capture the stability of the application by testing it beyond its bandwidth capacity.

The purpose behind stress testing is to ascertain the failure of system and to monitor how the system recovers back gracefully. The challenge here is to set up a controlled environment before launching the test so that you could precisely capture the behaviour of system repeatedly, under the most unpredictable scenarios.

Stress Testing Goal:

The goal of the stress testing is to analyse post-crash reports to define the behaviour of application after failure. The biggest issue is to ensure that the system does not compromise with the security of sensitive data after the failure. In a successful stress testing, the system will come back to normality along with all its components, after even the most terrible break down.

Example:

As an example, a word processor like Writer1.1.0 by OpenOffice.org is utilized in development of letters, presentations, spread sheets etc… Purpose of our stress testing is to load it with the excess of characters.

To do this, we will repeatedly paste a line of data, till it reaches its threshold limit of handling large volume of text. As soon as the character size reaches 65,535 characters, it would simply refuse to accept more data. The result of stress testing on Writer 1.1.0 produces the result that, it does not crash under the stress and that it handle the situation gracefully, which make sure that application is working correctly even under rigorous stress conditions.

How to be a good tester?

It’s a every testers question. How to be a good tester? Apart from the technical knowledge, testing skills, tester should have some personal level skills which will help them to build a good rapport in the testing team.

What are these abilities , skills which make a tester as a good tester? Well, I was reading Dave Whalen’s article “Ugly Baby Syndrome!” and found it very interesting. Dave compared software developers with the parents who deliver a baby (software) with countless efforts. Naturally the product managers, architectures, developers spent their countless time on developing application for the customer. Then they show it to us (testers) and asks: “ How is the baby (Application)? “ And testers tell them often that they have and ugly baby. (Application with Bugs!)

Testers don’t want to tell them that they have ugly baby, but unfortunately its our job. So effectively tester can convey the message to the developers without hurting them. How can be this done? Ya that is the skill of a good tester!

Here are the tips sated by Dave to handle such a delicate situation:

Be honest and Responsive:
Tell developers what are your plans to attack their application.

Be open and available:
If any dev ask you to have a look at the application developed by him before the release, then politely give feedback on it and report any extra efforts needed. Don’t log the bug’s for these notes.

Let them review your tests:
If you have designed or wrote some test cases from the requirement specifications then just show them those test cases. Let them know your stuff as you are going to critic on developers work!

Use of Bug tracker:
Some testers have habit to report each and everything publicly. This attitude hurts the developers. So if you have logged any bug then let the bug tracking system report it to respective developers and managers. Also don’t each time rely on bug tracker, talk personally to developers what you logged and why you logged?

Finally some good personal points:

Don’t take it personally:
Do the job of messenger. You could be a close target always. So build a thick skin!

Be prepared:
A good message in the end, Be prepared for everything! If worst things might not happened till now but they can happen at any moment in your career. So be ready to face them.

[Thougt of the Day: When a virtually flawless application is delivered to a customer, no one says how well tested it was. Development teams will always get the credit. However, if it is delivered with bugs, everyone will wonder who tested it! - - Dave Whalen]

Thinking Out of the Box While Testing Software!

This is a phrase that you come across dozens of times a day, ‘Creative Thinking’ or ‘Out of the Box Thinking’.

Do we know what it actually means when we say ‘Thinking out of the Box’?

As per Wikipedia:

“Thinking outside the box is to think differently, unconventionally or from a new perspective. This phrase often refers to novel or creative thinking”

But the above definition could be extended when we relate it to our field, Software Testing.

When we step into the field of software testing the first thing we are taught or we learn are the Two Boxes, a white box and a black box. Since then all we do is either black box or white box testing. This has limited our mind from thinking beyond the boxes. Did we ever think that going beyond these could help us in gaining a higher pace towards a solid career in software testing?

Below we will be discussing a few techniques which I follow and many of my Mentors follow as well,

Rapid Fire Test Case Creation:
This technique, as the name suggests is about rapidly creating test cases. The first thing that comes to our mind when we talk about test case creation is a Requirement Document, an Excel Sheet and some guidelines provided by the organization. For once keep aside all the things, get an idea about what you think you are about to test , Pick up a Pen and a Paper and write as many scenarios you can write within 60 seconds. Repeat the process till you are not able to think of more scenarios or ideas and finally review them.

You will definitely be surprised by the number of ideas you already have without looking into the requirement document.

Cross Testing Ideas(Analogy):

While testing an application, treat it like an entirely different application which you have used before and then start testing. Doing this you might come across issues which are not part of the requirements but is just a common/generic feature which should be present and often overlooked.

For Example: If you are testing a portal, use it like you use your E mail program or any application which you worked on before and see how the application behaves.

I remember exploring a critical defect using this technique. I was testing a secure login of a finance application and tried altering the URL and navigating to a different page (which was a defect in my last tested application). By doing this I was able to bypass the login mechanism using Secure ID and this was neither a test case nor any other team member thought that this could be one of the scenarios.



Reverse or Backward Testing Ideas:

What is the normal work flow you follow while testing? Isn’t it the exact same steps which were used while developing the application, Requirements >> Unit Cases >> Integration Testing >> System Testing or any other approach?

The minds of the people working on the development of an application are bound to think in the direction which will cover more positive testing. The End User might not do the same every time that is the reason why Production Defects or UAT Defects exists even after extensive rounds of Unit Tests, Integration test and System Tests.

For Example: Requirement says you can upload a file which does not exceed file size of 10 MB. The most testers will follow uploading a 1MB, 2MB, 3 MB and so on till 10 MB is reached or error message is displayed. Why not start with 10MB and then try 11MB and then 9 MB. This example is nothing but a BVA but how many of us have tried using BVA in scenarios other then an input box.



Questioning:

Ideally every QA engineer should know the purpose of a requirement. Putting up questions will help a QA Engineer to refine his purpose of testing. If a QA Engineer is good at questioning he/she will be good at testing by default. You need to make sure none of the questions how so ever small or silly is ignored.

And in turn questioning will also enhance the domain knowledge of the person performing the testing.



Researching:

Researching proves to be very beneficial before starting the testing, just be aware of the issues which other people faced while doing similar assignment. Say you have to start a cross browser testing as one of your assignments. Before starting the tests researching the issues which other people encountered while using the same browser will help you find defects before starting the actual testing.



Pause: an ice breaker

Testing sometimes could be a monotonous process and the ideas may begin to saturate, you might start feeling that none of the solutions are working out or you might even run out of ideas. In such cases an effective Pause can do a lot of wonders and could help you kick start from where you left.

A Pause could be a Coffee or simply gazing out of the window.

Apart from being Creative, timing, speed of implementation of ideas and their execution are of high importance. You might get an excellent idea but what if it is too late to implement it.

Listed above are just a few ideas which will help you generate more ideas in turn.

My Favorite collection

1. Baby I like it by Enrique Iglesias:- Good funky lyrics and great singing from enrique makes this one to remember for a long time.. I LIKE TOO!!
2. Just Dance by Lady Gaga:- You’ve so much reason to go GAGA over this performance.. Lady gaga rocks the dance floor with this song.. GR8!!
3. My love by West life (Coast to Coast):- A great Anthem of LOVE!!.. Great lyrics.. beautifully sung.. One song that will stay in my heart FOREVER!!
4. Boulevard of broken dreams by Greenday:- This is a Grammy winner for the Record of the Year!! Fantastic song from Greenday one of my favorite band..! Gr8 lyrics.. And classy singing especially in the HUMMING !!
5. Wake me up when September ends by Greenday:- Another great song from Greenday!! This one brings me back to my old days…
6. Somebody is me by Enrique Iglesias:- This guy has got a great Voice.. It touches my heart when he is singing and when it has gr8 lyrics like this one has… Just perfect!!
7. When you were young by The Killers:- My Most favorite Band is THE KILLERS.. No doubt.. This is from their album Sam’s town which got a mixed reaction all over… But it has got gr8 songs like this one and Read my mid etc…!
8. With or without you by U2:- I’m sure ’U Too’ will like it!!
9. Heal the world by Michael Jackson:- A tribute to the Legend Michael… Who passed away last year but he still lives in our hearts…!!!
10. In the end by Linkin park:-
“ I tried so hard and got so far but in the end it doesn’t even matter” I think it’s the best lyrics in their song… ‘I tried so hard’ to skip this one from my list But In the End it matters a lot to me.. Ha! Ha!
11. When you say nothing at all by Ronan keating:- “ Its amazing how you can speak right to my heart without saying a word… You say it best when you say nothing at all”.. When I have a girlfriend I will surely sing this one for her… Such an honest song from Ronan..!!
12. Truly Madly deeply by Savage garden:- I am “TRULY MADLY DEEEEPLY” in love with this song… Fantastic lyrics… Magnificent singing!!!
13. Someday by Nickelback:- This one is all about Mid-blowing singing… Nickel has got a gr8 Voice.. It will stay in my heart not SOMEDAY but Always..!!
14. Love story by Taylor swift:- She has got a beautiful voice… And its released on Feb 14th !! And what a special occasion for a Special song..!!
15. No matter what by Boyzone:- No matter what happens this will always remain in my top 20 for sure…!!
16. You belong with me by Taylor swift:- This one got the Grammy for The best country album.. And very deservingly so…!!
17. Viva la vida by Cold play:- Gr8 Lyrics… I really love the humming in the last portion…!!
18. Bad romance by Lady gaga:- She got the Grammy for this one…!! She really is such a great performer.. I wish I was in the Grammy’s to see her performance..!!

"Drinking Habits Among youngsters" A SURVEY....

Last weekend I worked for a Market Research Company in which I had to conduct a small survey and had to collect Interviews of 175 youngsters ranging between 21-35 years of age….. Of course a person aged 35 is not a youngster but that was the upper limit.
When I first read the requirement notice by the company, it was clearly mentioned that they require 3 people for the survey… I thought it’s very easy and we two friends in a team will do the entire thing in one day…. We had a deadline…. Till Sunday 3pm we had to submit the data….
We approached the person concerned and got to know that we had to go through a short briefing before the survey…. We went for briefing and came to know that we had to visit different corners of Delhi in order to collect the data and that’s so through personal interviews…. Different corners meant different universities in Delhi which are poles apart… I sometimes wonder how I met someone so CRAZY like me… And we enthusiastically accepted the work…. Hell yeeah.... ENTHUSIASTICALLY…. Ha ha
It started, Saturday morning…. We hired a cab (of course we were paid well for that) and started with our work… We thought of starting with South Delhi… Since its admission season it was difficult to find people above 21 years of age 70% were ranging between 17-20… But then work is work….
Started with Venky college…. Came across many people… here i am elaborating a few…. One guy was there for his younger brother’s admission I interviewed him (main highlights):

Me: what comes to your mind when you hear the word “liquor”?
He: (with a smile on his face and sparkle in his eyes) Liquor… Whiskey…. Where is the bottle… it excites me
(his expression was loud enough to say it all)
Me: your perception/opinion about Liquor?
He: Well, in my opinion it’s one of the best creation of Man and everyone must drink it…..
(and before I could say anything) it should be neat, on the rocks (lots of ice), a girl to serve it…
Me: (Before he could continue I prompted) you are done FULL STOP. Thank you. (After a pause) You are here for your brother’s admission, right? Does he know your views and all about liquor…?
He: NOOOOO……. He doesn't know anything !!
Me: :P

I met girls too asked them the same set of Questions…. I am glad to say at least girls are more sensible and intelligent when it comes to “Liquor”... they too drink (some of them) but wisely…. Unlike guys who are desperate every now and then to grab a bottle :P
I collected data from venky and headed towards another college….. I am skipping ARSD…. Lets talk about MLNC, there I entered in one classroom where admission was going on…. And most of the people were busy filling forms… I approached a guy from North east (first target in that college and the first and last one who rejected to give interview :P)

Me: (Smiling face :P) Hello… You are here for the admission, Right?
He: (Looked at me as if am an Alien, speaking Chinese :P)
Me: Can I take your two minutes if you don’t mind?
He: NO!



I studied with a North Eastern guy in my graduation, I understand... he had no knowledge of hindi, so I consider all north easties as Zero in Hindi…(though few can speak very well in Hindi)…. But Hello… I was talking English dude…. Gemme a break….!!
I walked straight out of the class…. Was sitting alone on the stairs of the college and was just observing people moving here and there with no interest in asking any further Q to anyone… A guy approached

He: Hi, are you here for admission?
Me: No.
He: For Mark sheet?
Me: No
He: Actually, i saw that you are sitting here alone since quite sometime. May I help you, I am a final year student Political science, I am here to help students coming for admission.
Me: I explained the whole thing...….
He: Iam Faiz, you can take my interview
(I conducted his interview and we started chit chatting)
He: I cleared TOEFL and am going to Germany after my Exams
Me: that’s good
(We continued to talk for some more time)
He: how many more interviews you need?
Me: 20 more from here
He: Only? Just gemme sometime and be here
Me: okay!!

After sometime I was surrounded by guys too happy to give their interview :D
It wasn’t difficult at all…. All credit goes to Faiz….
I thanked him and moved to North campus, A place where I spent 3 most precious years of my life….. A place which makes me nostalgic everytime i go there............
I first headed towards my college, Hansraj, conducted few interviews, roamed in college and went to my science faculty…. Got few people for interview and in the end I moved to the Arts faculty, and there I met an interesting personality… His name was Varun
My team mate approached their group (2 guys and 1 girl)
He started with the interview of one guy, I with the other

Me: (After filling the details) first thing comes to your mind when you hear the word “Liquor”?
(Sorry but I don’t remember precisely what he replied)
After few usual survey questions… He started with his Questions,
He: what are you doing? Is this your job?
Me: Nopes, m a student it’s some research work m doing for experience
He: studying what?
Me: MBA
He: I am also a MBA graduate from Amity. Which semester and college?
Me: IIIrd (gemme a break, i am the one who is supposed to asked Qs not u :P)
He: what’s your name?
Me: Deepika
He: full name
Me: Deepika Gupta
He: Delhiite?
Me: yess, k tel me which of the following drinks do you consume? (i had a list of drinks)
He: I have tried all…. Do you drink? (Again his Qs started)
Me: NO
He: Seriously? Actually I also don’t drink….. actually in past 6 months since I joined office….. blah blah
Me: :P….. it’s okay!! Don’t worry, your name is not going to be there in the magazine it’s a general survey
He: I don’t care even if it’s gonna be there
Me: Thank you.

He was the last interview of that day…. Pheww!!! Hell it was Tiring….
After that we submitted the data collected….
Well, I dunno when the data analysis will be out… What I can say is… guys are more into drinking…. Than girls…. They love Whiskey(most), beer and Vodka…. Whereas most preferred drink among girls is Vodka…
My last weekend was good… I have already started looking for work for this weekend and further weekends… I can’t sit idle for two complete days… As far as hanging out, chilling is concerned… I do it daily…. Remember, m still in college and I still have an option of bunking ;))
Life Rocks!!!!!! \m/ :D :D

My dream girl.......

Once, when in my deepest thought
With my eyes closed tight for a while
I dreamed of a girl, who loved me madly
And she came into my world, with a smile.
She brightened my life with
her passionate love
And pierced my soul with her spear
When she touched me, I felt it so soothing
As she whispered 'I love you my dear'.
Her fingers gently combed my hair
And she taught me the meaning of love
As she shared her beautiful treasures with me
My heart began fluttering like a dove,
It was then that I knew for certain,
I really was truly in love.
When I woke up It was just but a dream
And my heart was filled with much sorrow
Of course its not the end,
because there's always another tomorrow.

fff

akrviyapaar.com
http://www.facebook.com/Luludotcom/posts/201821646512625

dream girl

Watching the stars
In the sky blue
Lying down
On the roof
Thinking of you
‘N’ getting lost
In your dreams
I hear
Your calling me
From the moon above
So far ‘n’ being alone
Feeling a strange feeling
In my heart
I long for you
To descend
On the desert of my heart
‘N’ walk on it
With your steps so tender
O My Dream girl…!

unspoken language

Today at work, my manager wanted me to help him out with some reviewing stuffs. So, I took the material and sat in a empty cube in front of his office room. I was about to return it to him after completion that I noticed someone was already inside his room. So I was there standing on the corridor in front of his office leaning against the wall with crossed legs with a document in one hand and a pen on the other running the tip of the pen going over each line again to make sure I have done a neat work. Just then an engineer passed by me and he impromptu asked ,with a straight face, “Getting ready for exam?” and immediately we both burst into laughter simultaneously. It is not a hilarious incident, but was one of those genuine moments.

Even after he was out of sight I just couldn’t stop giggling picturing myself in his shoes and seeing me standing like that there and I cannot but completely agree with his perspective. t was so true….standing like a college boy right before he enters the exam room, uncertainly going through the study notes for one last time. My body language fitting that scenario perfectly.

It makes me wonder how much your body language and mannerisms can gives away a lot about you. I don’t recollect having seen anyone else in my office who was standing the way I was in the corridor or say, with that kind of body language. I have seen people waiting outside offices, I have seen them with documents in hand; but none ever looked like ‘preparing for exam’.

I do feel at times that I still have that student hangover in spite of having done away with college almost 2 years ago (maybe the after effect of spending a bit too much time there than expected).

It was entirely involuntary from my part to stand there the way I did, but now that I am conscious of it, I do want to change it. Not that there is anything wrong with it, its just that I j don't want it to be that way anymore and I certainly do not know how. It could either be one of the two - maybe there a fine line between acting like a student and a professional which I need to cross....or maybe I just need to grow up!

name it

He was 5’11”, well built, brownish complexion, handsome and smart. She was almost 5’7”, wheatish, lean, beautiful and gracious. We were not surprised when he fell for her. “I was hooked to her the very first time I saw her”, he confessed. “There is something magical and magnetic in her eyes that attract me towards her whenever I see her” he went on, typical of him given how filmi he was.

Invariably I would be there with Raj when we would come across Anu. I swear it was coincidental and not deliberate. In my defense, whenever possible, I used to excuse myself from the scene to facilitate any course of action from Raj, if he may.

********************************

“Did you talk to her?” I quizzed

“No da, not yet”, he gave me the same answer he as been giving me for the last one month. Ok, I have been asking the same question to him. Maybe I should rephrase my question.

“Are you ever gonna?” I deliberately put a tone of warning into the query.

“I will, I am just waiting for a right moment.” I think valentine’s day would be the right time”

That’s a whole month away!….i sighed

***********************************

Namrata Shirodkar in a navy blue mini skirt smiling at me from the wall right across my bed, when I woke up

She was nice, infact, she looks really gorgeous in the pioster; not only on the one on the wall, but also on the 2 which had appeared behind the front door.

“What the heck?”……my eyes were searching for Raj.

“Don’t you think Anu looks like her?” you can’t but agree with Raj, when he puts in such innocence in his questions (don’t believe, try being his roommate for 3 years)

“She might be, if you think so”…the most I can do is to give him moral support.

There is something magical and magnetic in her eyes that attract me towards her whenever I see her”.

*************************************

“Hey come.. she’s there in the caffeteria”…he dragged me out of the library and threw me behind his bike. I don’t need an life insurance as of now, but if such events are gonna recur frequently, it wont be a bad idea to get one…..a rather big one given the speed at which he was beating the traffic.

“ Why do you need me if you are gonna talk to her”…..i could help wondering.

“She’s with her friend”

“Who?”

“Your labmate Megha”

“So?”

“So get rid of her from there. I have a thing going on for her, don't you?”

“heyyy, nothing like that!" I pretty much yelled back wondering how he figured!. "So, you want me to kill her?” I had to crack the PJ. It invariably help hide my blushing; as well as change the subject.

“Poda….shut up if don’t want me to do that to you”

“Given how you are driving, I think you are trying your best”

******************************************

“I will give the card to her today”… I had heard that million times in the last one month. Atlast the day had dawned.

“Good”, atleast I will be spared from now on from your countdowns”. I had to be sarcastic irrespective of the mood of the occasion.

“Its today or never”…he vowed.

When I got back from college, Raj wasn’t home yet. Being an optimist, I assumed things worked out well with his card giving and my best chance of catching him would be in the caffeteria with her.

I don’t know when I dozed off, but I was in the middle of a nice dream – I was practicing dance with Rani Mukherjee; which would have been a nightmare if it was real! - when Raj banged on the door.

“Haaaaiiiii” my yawn sounded like a greeting. “So, how did you give it to her?”

“Naaaaa”…his dejected tone sounded more authentic than my yawn.

“Whats wrong”?

“Nothing”…..he paused ...”I think she is already with someone”

“Oh damn”, I felt sorry for my roomie…"Did she say that”?

“Kind of, she said she has personal reasons, what else it can be!”

“Its her misfortune da, take it easy. I am sure you will find a much better girl”…I had to do my part in consoling.

“Com’on Raj, let’s go out, the beer's on me”, I felt like doing more than just consoling for my dear roomie. I swear, my urge to have a beer after the nap was only a secondary reason.

“It was a good card by the way, maybe someone else can use it”…I hoped my inopportune jokes which usually works its charm in cheering people up with do it this time too.

*****************************************************

“Hurry up man, you are getting late for the match”…..Raj shouted over the revving of the bullet.

“In a minute, can’t find my wallet”

“Make it fast, I wanna warm up a bit before the game”…Raj was quite sure of the expectations from the best batsman in the team.

Just as I was retrieving my wallet from the drawer, I noticed a green envelope addressed to Megha under the directory. It is cheap to read others mails, but curiosity got the better of me. It might have got the cat killed, but I had to take my chances. After all it was addressed to Megha. Having decided to find some excuse later for my defense, I opened it. Inside was a small sky blue color card with lamination like finish and written inside in lovely print like handwriting were the words I had come to memorize listening to over the last few weeks.

“there is something magical and magnetic in your eyes which attacts me towards you whenever I see you”

hypermesh tutorials

http://altairuniversity.com/

http://www.altairhyperworks.com/ResLibSearchResult.aspx?file_id=620&keywords=HyperMesh&industry=All&product_service=All&category=All#1501


http://www.altairhyperworks.com/html/en-us/rl/ivws_auto_nvh.aspx

caliber

http://www.calibertech.net/index.htm

Mechanical engg student projects.

STRESS ANALYSIS OF AIRCRAFT METAL FUEL TANK UNDER FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS
ABSTRACT


NAL is in the process of developing HANSA – 4 Aircraft, which is ideally suited for civil transport, aerial survey, training etc. This HANSA is designed according to Federal Aviation Regulations Part 23 (FAR-23) design document. This is a guideline for design of aircraft having a maximum takeoff weight of more than 750 kg and up to 19500 kg. The FAR-23 design document details out the loads and broad procedures for design of aircraft components like fuel tank etc.

The fuel tank designed for HANSA – 4 is made of Aluminum alloy and it can carry 100 liters of Aviation petrol having specific gravity of 0.73. In this work, stress analysis of this fuel tank under FAR loads is considered for different inertia load cases, in addition to static test pressure of 3.5 psi. (24 KPa).

Finite Element Analysis is carried out to arrive at stresses and displacements in critical components. The Analysis is carried out using ansys software finally, from the results it is concluded that the structure is safe and has adequate margin of safety in critical components of fuel tank.

MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF MOUNTING PLATE OF A ROTARY COMPRESSOR
ABSTRACT
In the Tecumseh Compressors, the compressors manufactured are using mounting plates having the pitch circle diameter of 211mm. This mounting plate is welded to the compressor bottom and through the holes of this plate; the compressor gets mounted on to the A/C housing.
The vibrations from the compressor get transferred to the A/C housing there by producing noise, which is undesirable. These vibrations will be greater enough to produce noise when the natural frequencies of the compressor, the mounting plate and the A/C housing coincide resulting in resonance. To avoid this, there should be a frequency shift in either of the components. Frequency shift in Mounting Plate will give better results as that is the media of transfer of Vibrations form compressor to the A/C housing.
Under this Project, determination of the Natural frequencies of the mounting plate, amplitudes of vibration in it are studied. This determination is done using Static, Modal and Harmonic Analyses. Three models have been considered and on the existing model experiments have been carried out. The analysis results of the existing model are compared with the experimental results and validating the analysis procedure, the same analyses are carried out to the rest of the two models. Upon analysis of the three models, the better one out of them is suggested.

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF INJECTION MOULD FOR MINERAL WATER BOTTLE CAP
ABSTRACT

Injection molding is the most important process in the manufacturing of plastic parts. It is done by forcing melted plastic in to a mold cavity until it cools and forms a specific plastic shape. Plastic injection molding is very useful when the plastic parts that need to be produced are too complex or expensive to do by machine. With plastic injection molding, many parts can be made simultaneously (using the same mold).

The plastics used are the thermo-plastic (hdpe) as these materials soften when heated and re-harden when cooled. No chemical changes take place when the material is heated or cooled, the change being entirely physical. For this reason, the softening and re-hardening cycle can be repeated any number of times.

In this work, stress analysis of this cap cavity plate under the pressure 40 N/mm2 is considered, in addition to this thermal analysis is carried out at injection temperature 2200C and mold temperature 200C.

Cap is modeled in PRO-E and the meshing part is done in HYPER MESH 7.0 and analysis is carried out in ANYSIS 10.0. A finite element analysis is carried out to arrive at stresses, and deformation in cap cavity plate. Finally, from the results it is concluded that the structure is safe and has adequate safety in component of cap assembly.

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOTIVE TRUCK CAB SUSPENSION SYSTEM
ABSTRACT
The suspension system is used to isolate the chassis from the shock loads due to irregularities of the road surface. This must be handled without impairing the stability, steering or general handling of the vehicle. Suspension system for the cab is placed between the bottom of the truck cabin floor and chassis. The suspension system is fitted to the chassis using bolts. The loads coming from the floor and the chassis are taken by the suspension system to reduce the shocks levels to the driver in the cabin.

The model is designed in Catia V5 and meshed in Hypermesh7.0 and translated to Ansys 10.0. The model is simplified in Ansys by using the preprocessor. Constraint equations and couples are used to connect various regions of the suspension system. The loads are applied on the top flange of the suspension system.

Static analysis is made to study the deflection of the suspension system. Modal analysis is made to check the natural frequencies. Harmonic analysis is also done to plot various graphs between frequency and amplitude. Results and discussions are made from the results obtained from the Ansys and conclusions are given and scope for future work is also given.




DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF TILTABLE TRUCK CABIN FLOOR
ABSTRACT

In the truck the floor as a load gatherer and takes the loads of the driver and co-driver loads and also the side loads and the road loads under different loading conditions. The loads from the road are transmitted to the floor through the vehicle suspension to the cabin suspension and the n to the floor

Floor is modeled in CATIA and the meshing part is done in HYPER MESH 7.0 and analysis is carried out in ANYSIS 10.0. A finite element analysis is carried out to arrive at stresses and deformation on the floor. Finally, from the results it is concluded that the structure is safe and has adequate safety.

ANALYSIS OF RESIDUAL STRESSES IN A BUTT WELD USING ANSYS SOFTWARE

ABSTRACT

Low carbon steels are prone to distortion and cracks due to residual stresses induced during welding. This project gives the information about the residual stresses induced in a butt weld joint due to welding. Experimentation was carried out on a plate made of low carbon steel having dimensions 0.115 x 0.048 x 0.006 meters. The type of welding chosen is Manual Metal Arc Welding (MMAW). Single pass welding was carried out. Experimental values calculated were taken as input for the analysis in ANSYS software.

A model was generated in ANSYS 9.0 (A general purpose FEA software) using SOLID BRICK 8 NODE 70 (3D solid element with temperature dof) and PLANE 55 (A 2D Solid Element with 4 nodes), as per the dimensions of the plate taken for the experimentation. A refined mesh is made based on the convergence criteria and the analysis is performed to estimate the temperature distribution. Firstly a transient thermal analysis was carried out by giving heat flux as the time varying input to estimate the temperature variation. The non-linear material properties are fed for the heat transfer solution. Then coupled field analysis is carried out to get the residual stresses by coupling thermal analysis to static analysis. The variation of the temperature with time, and residual stresses are obtained. The variation of these are reported and discussed.

DELAMINATION STUDIES IN FRP COMPOSITES USING 3D FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

Abstract

FRP laminated composites have been extensively used in Aerospace and allied industries due to their inherent advantages over conventional materials. However these are also susceptible to damages especially under transverse loading. Failure modes of such laminated structures are different than those of conventional metallic materials. One important and unique mode of failure in such components is Delamination. Delamination is separation of adjacent plies/laminae due to existence of interlaminar stresses. This mainly occurs at free edges or around discontinuities depending upon the stacking sequence of the laminate. Once Delamination occurs, it becomes important to know whether the laminate could still be used with the existing delamination or up to what size of the Delamination the laminate could be used. So the present work aims at analyzing a laminate having Delamination to determine the severity of the existing Delamination and the propensity of the Delamination growth. 3DFE analysis along with concept of LEFM will be used the FRP laminated composites.

DESIGN AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF HIGH SPEED HELICAL GEAR USING ANSYS

ABSTRACT

Marine engines are among heavy-duty machineries, which need to be taken care of in the best way during prototype development stages. These engines are operated at very high speeds which induce large stresses and deflections in the gears as well as in other rotating components. For the safe functioning of the engine, these stresses and deflections have to be minimized.
In this project, static-structural analysis on a high speed helical gear used in marine engines, have been performed. The dimensions of the model have been arrived at by theoretical methods. The stresses generated and the deflections of the tooth have been analyzed for different materials. Finally the results obtained by theoretical analysis and Finite Element Analysis are compared to check the correctness. A conclusion has been arrived on the material which is best suited for the marine engines based on the results.


DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THIN –WALLED COMPOSITE I- BEAMS
ABSTRACT

In an effort to save weight while still remaining high strength, many contemporary structural systems are designed with lower margins of safety than predecessors. The criterion of minimum weight design is particularly prevalent in the design of aircraft, missile, and spacecraft vehicles. One obvious means of obtaining a high strength, minimum weight design is the use of light, thin-walled structural members of high strength alloys. Thin- walled beams of open sections such as I, Z, Channel and angle sections are frequently used for intricate structures in spacecrafts. Due to low torsional rigidity thin-walled beams of open sections, the problem of torsional vibrations and stability is of prime interest. For the last three to four decades mechanical vibrations have been recognized as a major factor in the design. Mechanical vibrations produce increased stress, energy loss and noise that should be considered in the design stages if these undesirable effects are to be avoided, or to be kept minimum.

The present work particularly deals with dynamic analysis of lengthy uniform thin-walled uniform I-beams and tapered I-beams of open sections, particularly composite beams. Fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) have been increas¬ingly used over the past few decades in a variety of structures that require high ratio of stiffness and strength to weight. In the present thesis, the analytical model developed by Lee and Kim [11] is taken and the dynamic behavior of a thin-walled I-section composite beam is studied in detail. This model accounts for the coupling of flexural and torsional modes for arbitrary laminate stacking sequence configuration, i.e. symmetric as well as unsymmetric, and various boundary conditions are also discussed in detail. A displacement-based one-di¬mensional finite element model is developed to predict natural frequencies and corresponding vibration modes for a thin-walled composite beam. Equations of motion are derived from Hamilton's principle. Numerical results are obtained for thin-walled composite beams addressing the effects of fiber angle, modulus ratio, height-to-thickness ratio, and boundary conditions on the vibra¬tion frequencies and mode shapes of the composites. Using ANSYS 10.0, the modal and harmonic analysis are carried out and presented in graphical form.


DYNAMIC RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF A THREE WHEELER CHASSIS FRAME USING FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
ABSTRACT

A three-wheeler is essentially a motion disturbance vibrating system with the ground providing input. The tyres which are in contact with the ground, convert this input displacement into a forcing function which acts on the unsprung masses, these masses are constrained by linkages so that they follow certain paths. Ride response is dependent on the ground profile, tyre and suspension characteristics, physical dimensions and the inertial properties of the sprung and unsprung masses of the vehicle.
The objective of this thesis is to analyze the dynamic behavior of vehicle using Finite Element modeling. This project also includes the response of the three wheeler chassis frame to road surface inputs and to provide the best vehicle in vibratory motions.
In Finite element modeling, analysis is done to determine the dynamic behavior of the vehicle in Harmonic and Transient excitations. Modal analysis and parametric study has also been carried out. Spectrum analysis is carried out in order to obtain the maximum stresses, as the vehicle running on the road is subjected to the random vibrations.
The results obtained from Finite element modeling in modal analysis were studied and are compared with those of rigid body modeling. In Transient analysis excitation magnitude and acceleration values at the key nodes are analyzed. From spectrum analysis maximum stress point is noted. Conclusions were derived from the study and suggestions are made to improve the performance of vehicle, thus stability is established.


FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF LPG CYLINDER

ABSTRACT


This project aims at reduction of weight of Liquid petroleum gas (LPG). So, the finite element analysis of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) cylinders made of Steel and Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) composites has been carried out. Finite element analysis of composite cylinder subjected to internal pressure is performed. Layered shell element of a versatile FE analysis package ANSYS (version 9.0) has been used to model the shell with FRP composites.

A number of cases are considered to study the stresses and deformations due to pressure loading inside the cylinder. First, the results of stresses and deformation for steel cylinders are compared with the analytical solution available in literature in order to validate the model and the software. The weight savings are also presented for steel, Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) composites and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) composite LPG cylinders. Variations of stresses and deformations throughout the cylinder made of steel, GFRP and CFRP are studied.

A complex orthotropic mechanics of FRP composites has been studied and discussed in brief to have some understanding of behavior of FRP composites. In addition to that an introductory Finite Element Method has also been presented on the basis of which the cylinder has been analyzed.

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS AND FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF SPUR GEAR UNDER RANDOM LOADING

ABSTRACT
The gear fitted in the gearbox Armored tracked vehicle is vulnerable to considerable fatigue damage over its life period due to the dynamic excitations caused by the terrain undulations, the rotating wheel and track assemblies. For this purpose, initially static analysis of the model was carried out to validate the model and the boundary conditions correctness. Further Modal analysis is carried out to determine the dynamic characteristics of the gear model. The random load time history is transformed in to frequency domain using Fast Fourier transform to obtain load power spectral density (PSD). Then the stress PSD response is obtained at critical node from the random vibration analysis. Once the spectrum of stress variation is obtained given input to the fatigue analysis and fatigue life is determined by FE package ANSYS 9.0.

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF A GAS TURBINE ROTOR BLADE
ABSTRACT
In the present work the first stage rotor blade of a two-stage gas turbine has been analyzed for structural, thermal using ANSYS 9.0, which is a powerful Finite Element Software. In the process of getting the thermal stresses, the temperature distribution in the rotor blade has been evaluated using this software.
The design features of the turbine segment of the gas turbine have been taken from the preliminary design of a power turbine for maximization of an existing turbojet engine. It was observed that in the above design, the rotor blades after being designed were analyzed only for the mechanical stresses but no evaluation of thermal stress was carried out. As the temperature has a significant effect on the overall stress on the rotor blades, it has been felt that a detail study can be carried out on the temperature effects to have a clear understanding of the combined mechanical and thermal stresses.
In the present work, the first stage rotor blade of the gas turbine has been analyzed using ANSYS 9.0 for the mechanical and radial elongations resulting from the tangential, axial and centrifugal forces. The gas forces namely tangential, axial were determined by constructing velocity triangles at inlet and exist of rotor blades. The rotor blade was then analyzed using ANSYS 9.0 for the temperature distribution. For obtaining temperature distribution, the convective heat transfer coefficients on the blade surface exposed to the gas have to feed to the software. The convective heat transfer coefficients were calculated using the heat transfer empirical relations taken from the heat transfer design dada book. After containing the temperature distribution, the rotor blade was then analyzed using ANSYS 9.0 for the combined mechanical and thermal stresses. The radial elongations in the blade were also evaluated.
The material of the blade was specified as N155 but its properties were not given. This material is an iron based super alloy and structural and thermal properties at gas room and room temperatures were taken from the design data books that were available in the library of BHEL(R & D), Hyderabad.
The turbine blade along with the groove is considered for the static, thermal, modal analysis. The blade is modeled with the 3D-Solid Brick element. The geometric model of the blade profile is generated with splines and extruded to get a solid model.
The first stage rotor blade of a two-stage gas turbine has been analyzed for structural, thermal using ANSYS 9.0 Finite Element Analysis software. The thermal boundary conditions such as convection and operating temperatures on the rotor blade are applied on theoretical modeling. Analytical approach is used to estimate the tangential, radial and centrifugal forces
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FINITE ELEMENT MODELING AND STATIC ANALYSIS OF OPEN TOWER
ABSTRACT
Open towers are one among the different types of towers used for the purpose of signal transmission. They are telescopic in nature and are designed in a special manner, which makes the whole structure portable by converting in to a single unit. It consists of main pipe and four supporting members. In order to reduce the weight of the structure it is fabricated with fiber reinforced plastics (FRP). The main pipe is a combination of several sections, which slide into the main member with the help of rollers to form a single unit. The four supporting members can be made integral with the main pipe with the help of a movable flange which slides on the main member.